Health
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Regulation of Respiration – The regulation of normal lung function
Introduction Spontaneous respiration is produced by the rhythmic discharge of motor neurons that innervate the respiratory muscles. This discharge is…
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Food Choices: A Fit You
Your life is filled with choices! Every day you make thousands of choices, many related to food. Some seem trivial.…
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The Mind Body Problem – Descartes and the Discovery of the Mind
WHY DOES THE possibility that mental life influences physical illness meet with such resistance? The answer reflects the knottiest of…
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Pain, temperature, and the sense of the body
Introduction One of the most common reasons an individual seeks the advice of a physician is because he or she…
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Immunity, Infection, & Inflammation
Introduction As an open system, the body is continuously called upon to defend itself from potentially harmful invaders such as…
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Reflexes | What Are The Types Of Reflexes
Introduction The basic unit of integrated reflex activity is the reflex arc. This arc consists of a sense organ, an…
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Properties of Sensory Receptors
Introduction Information about the internal and external environment activates the CNS via a variety of sensory receptors. These receptors are…
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Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators – The secret life of memory receptors
Introduction The fact that transmission at most synapses is chemical is of great physiologic and pharmacologic importance. Nerve endings have…
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Synaptic & Junctional Transmission
Introduction Transmission from nerve to muscle resembles chemical synaptic transmission from one neuron to another. The neuromuscular junction, the specialized…
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Excitable Tissue: Muscle
Introduction Muscle cells, like neurons, can be excited chemically, electrically, and mechanically to produce an action potential that is transmitted…
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